How to Measure Human Risk: 7 Key Metrics

1. Observable Risky Behaviors and Their Patterns

The foundation of human risk measurement lies in identifying and tracking observable risky behaviors across your organization. Moving beyond simulated phishing tests, organizations need visibility into real-world actions that expose them to cyber threats.

Key behaviors to track include:

• Phishing email interactions: Monitor both real and simulated phishing attempts, tracking not just clicks but also how users interact with suspicious messages
• Shadow IT usage: Identify unauthorized applications and services that employees use without IT approval
• Data handling practices: Track behaviors like forwarding sensitive emails to personal accounts or uploading confidential files to unauthorized cloud services
• Repeated risky actions: Focus on small user cohorts who consistently engage in high-risk behaviors across multiple channels

The most concerning pattern often emerges when the same employees repeatedly engage in risky behaviors. Research shows that a small percentage of users typically account for a disproportionate amount of organizational risk. Mimecast's platform excels at correlating these behaviors across different tools and communication channels, providing a comprehensive view of how individual actions contribute to overall organizational exposure.

Rather than treating each incident in isolation, effective measurement requires understanding behavioral patterns over time. This longitudinal view helps identify whether risky behaviors are isolated incidents or indicative of broader security culture issues that require targeted intervention.

2. Individual User Risk Profiles and Attack Exposure

Not all employees face the same level of cyber risk. Executives, contractors, and frontline staff have different risk profiles based on their roles, access levels, and attractiveness to attackers. Effective human risk measurement requires building dynamic, personalized risk scores that reflect these individual differences.

Critical factors to measure include:

• Attack volume and frequency: Track how often specific users are targeted by phishing, social engineering, or other attacks
• Role-based susceptibility: Assess risk based on department, seniority, and tenure, as newer employees often lack security awareness while executives face more sophisticated attacks
• Risk score trends: Monitor how individual risk levels change over time in response to training, role changes, or external factors

Mimecast's platform builds these dynamic risk profiles using a combination of threat exposure data and behavioral telemetry. For example, a CFO who receives numerous business email compromise attempts and occasionally clicks suspicious links would receive a higher risk score than a junior developer who rarely receives targeted attacks.

The key insight is that risk is not static. An employee's risk profile can change rapidly based on factors like job role changes, increased attack targeting, or personal circumstances that affect their decision-making. Regular assessment and adjustment of individual risk scores ensures that security interventions target the right people at the right time.

3. Access Levels to Critical Data and Systems

The risk equation changes dramatically when employees with access to sensitive data or critical systems engage in risky behaviors. A junior employee clicking a phishing link is concerning; a database administrator with the same behavior represents exponentially higher risk to the organization.

Essential access-related metrics include:

• Critical asset exposure: Map which employees have access to personally identifiable information (PII), intellectual property, source code, or financial systems
• Privileged user behavior: Track the frequency and types of risky actions taken by users with elevated access rights
• Intersection analysis: Identify where high behavioral risk overlaps with high access privileges

Traditional security approaches often treat access management and behavioral risk as separate issues. However, the most effective human risk measurement combines these perspectives to identify the employees who pose the greatest potential impact to organizational security.

Mimecast's ability to integrate contextual data about access levels with real-time behavioral observations provides security teams with the visibility they need to prioritize their response efforts. When a privileged user exhibits concerning behavior, the platform can automatically trigger additional monitoring or intervention protocols.

4. Effectiveness of Security Awareness Training and Interventions

Traditional security awareness training programs provide completion rates and test scores, but these metrics don't answer the fundamental question: is the training actually changing behavior and reducing risk?

Meaningful training effectiveness metrics focus on:

• Post-training behavior improvements: Measure actual behavior changes following training interventions, not just knowledge retention
• Reduction in repeated risky actions: Track whether users stop engaging in the same risky behaviors after targeted training
• Response to real-time interventions: Assess how effectively users respond to just-in-time nudges and micro-interventions during actual risk situations

The limitation of traditional training completion metrics becomes clear when you consider that CISOs cannot quantify what risk reduction they would achieve by increasing spending on awareness training programs. Without behavioral outcome measurement, it's impossible to demonstrate ROI or rationalize training investments.

Mimecast's platform addresses this gap by delivering contextualized, just-in-time education that responds to actual user behavior. When a user clicks a suspicious link, they receive immediate, relevant training rather than generic awareness content. This approach enables measurement of actual behavior change rather than just training completion.

The Benefit of Adaptive Policies

Adaptive policies enhance human risk detection by tailoring security measures to an individual’s behavior, risk profile, and threat exposure, instead of applying uniform training across an organization. This method allows security teams to provide precise interventions for high-risk users while easing restrictions for lower-risk individuals, optimizing resource allocation and improving overall effectiveness. 

Sensitive data handling and identity risk data are critical components of this adaptive approach. By integrating solutions like Incydr to monitor sensitive data handling and third party solutions like Entra for identity risk, organizations gain deeper visibility into user behaviors. For example, Incydr alerts triggered by the misuse or unauthorized sharing of sensitive files directly contribute to comprehensive risk profiles. These integrations ensure adaptive policies are informed by diverse and actionable data sources, enabling tailored responses to evolving risks. 

Research demonstrates that targeted training reduces phishing click rates by up to 25% among high-risk users. Additionally, the aggregation of data from sources such as email behavior, sensitive data movements, access patterns, and phishing interactions provides unmatched visibility into organizational human risk. This data-driven methodology supports precise risk measurement and mitigation while enabling automated security responses to proactively manage threats at scale.

5. Visibility and Context Across Communication Channels

Modern organizations communicate across multiple platforms, email, Slack, Microsoft Teams, Zoom, and others. However, most security solutions provide visibility into only one channel, creating dangerous blind spots in human risk assessment.

Comprehensive visibility requires measuring:

• Cross-platform behavioral indicators: Track user actions across all communication channels to identify consistent patterns
• Contextual message analysis: Monitor not just what users receive, but also message context like edits, deletions, and forwarding patterns
• Channel-specific vulnerabilities: Identify security gaps that exist between different communication tools

Disconnected security systems create scenarios where a user might appear low-risk in email monitoring while engaging in high-risk behavior on collaboration platforms. This fragmented view prevents organizations from understanding their true human risk exposure.

Mimecast centralizes communication insights across multiple channels, providing security teams with a unified view of human behavior. This comprehensive visibility reveals risk patterns that would be invisible when monitoring individual platforms in isolation.

6. Impact of External Threats and Attack Sophistication

Human risk doesn't exist in a vacuum, it must be measured in context against actual threats. As attackers leverage artificial intelligence to create more sophisticated phishing emails, deepfakes, and social engineering attacks, human risk assessment must account for these changing dynamics.

Key external factors to measure include:

• Employee responses to novel threats: Track how users react to new attack techniques like QR code phishing, AI-generated content, or sophisticated business email compromise attempts
• Attack sophistication trends: Monitor the complexity and personalization of threats targeting your organization
• Threat-vulnerability alignment: Assess how well current attack trends align with your organization's human vulnerabilities

The emergence of AI-generated threats fundamentally changes the human risk equation. Traditional training programs that focus on identifying "obviously suspicious" emails become less effective when attackers can generate nearly perfect impersonations of legitimate communications.

Mimecast's integration of real-time threat intelligence with human risk scoring ensures that risk assessments reflect current attack realities. When new threat techniques emerge, the platform automatically adjusts risk calculations to account for these evolving challenges.

7. Compliance and Governance Requirements

Regulatory frameworks like GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS don't just require technical security controls, they mandate oversight of human behavior that could lead to compliance violations. Many organizations discover their compliance gaps only after an incident occurs.

Critical compliance-related metrics include:

• Policy violations in communication: Track instances where employees violate data handling policies across communication platforms
• Audit readiness: Maintain comprehensive, auditable records of user risk data and intervention efforts
• Governance workflow gaps: Identify areas where human behavior creates compliance risks that aren't addressed by current processes

The cost of compliance failures extends far beyond regulatory fines. Organizations face reputational damage, legal liability, and loss of customer trust when human error leads to data breaches or privacy violations.

Mimecast's platform supports auditable risk metrics and data management across all communication channels, helping organizations demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements while proactively identifying potential violations before they become incidents.

Final Thoughts: Human Risk is a Business Risk

Measuring human risk isn't just a cybersecurity initiative, it's a critical business capability that affects every aspect of organizational operations. From protecting intellectual property to maintaining customer trust, human risk management touches every stakeholder in the organization.

The fundamental principle remains simple: IT and compliance leaders can't manage what they don't measure, and they can't measure what they can't see. Traditional approaches that focus on individual security tools or isolated training programs fail to provide the comprehensive visibility that modern organizations need.

Investment in a centralized platform like Mimecast unifies risk visibility across all communication channels, enables data-driven interventions, and provides the metrics that business leaders need to make informed security decisions. By implementing comprehensive human risk measurement, organizations can finally move from reactive incident response to proactive risk management.

The seven metrics outlined in this article provide a framework for understanding and quantifying human risk, but successful implementation requires the right tools and platforms to collect, analyze, and act on this data. As cyber threats continue to evolve and target human vulnerabilities, organizations that invest in comprehensive human risk measurement will be best positioned to protect their assets, meet compliance obligations, and maintain business continuity in an increasingly dangerous digital landscape.